Ventricular System of the Brain

The ventricular system is a series of connecting hollow spaces called ventricles in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricular system consists of two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The cerebral ventricles are connected by small pores called foramina, as well as by larger channels. The interventricular foramina or foramina of Monro connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle. The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by a canal called the Aqueduct of Sylvius or cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle extends to become the central canal, which is also filled with cerebrospinal fluid and encases the spinal cord. Cerebral ventricles provide a pathway for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the central nervous system. This essential fluid protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma and provides nutrients for central nervous system structures. Lateral Ventricles The lateral ventricles consist of a left and right ventricle, with one ventricle positioned in each hemisphere of the cerebrum. They are the largest of the ventricles and have extensions that resemble horns. The lateral ventricles extend through all four cerebral cortex lobes, with the central area of each ventricle being located in the parietal lobes. Each lateral ventricle is connected to the third ventricle by channels called interventricular foramina. Third Ventricle The third ventricle is located in the middle of the diencephalon, between the left and right thalamus. Part of the choroid plexus known as the tela chorioidea sits above the third ventricle. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid. Interventricular foramina channels between the lateral and third ventricles allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle. The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, which extends through the midbrain. Fourth Ventricle The fourth ventricle is located in the brainstem, posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. The fourth ventricle is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal of the spinal cord. This ventricle also connects with the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid matter and the pia mater of the meninges. The meninges  is a layered membrane that covers and protects the brain and spinal cord. The meninges consists of an outer layer (dura mater), a middle layer (arachnoid mater) and an inner layer (pia mater). Connections of the fourth ventricle with the central canal and subarachnoid space allow cerebrospinal fluid to circulate through the central nervous system. Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear aqueous substance that is produce by the choroid plexus. The choroid plexus is a network of capillaries and specialized epithelial tissue called ependyma. It is found in the pia mater membrane of the meninges. Ciliated ependyma lines the cerebral ventricles and central canal. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced as ependymal cells filter fluid from the blood. In addition to producing cerebrospinal fluid, the choroid plexus (along with the arachnoid membrane) acts as a barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. This blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier serves to protect the brain from harmful substances in the blood. The choroid plexus continually produces cerebrospinal fluid, which is ultimately reabsorbed into the venous system by membrane projections from the arachnoid mater that extend from the subarachnoid space into the dura mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced and reabsorbed at nearly the same rate to prevent pressure within the ventricular system from getting too high. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the cavities of the cerebral ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space. The flow of cerebrospinal fluid goes from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina. From the third ventricle, the fluid flows to the fourth ventricle by way of the cerebral aqueduct. The fluid then flows from the fourth ventricle to the central canal and the subarachnoid space. The movement of cerebrospinal fluid is a result of hydrostatic pressure, cilia movement in ependymal cells, and artery pulsations. Ventricular System Diseases Hydrocephalus and ventriculitis are two conditions that prevent the ventricular system from functioning normally. Hydrocephalus results from the excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. The excess fluid causes the ventricles to widen. This fluid accumulation puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the ventricles if the ventricles become blocked or if connecting passages, such as the cerebral aqueduct, become narrow. Ventriculitis is inflammation of the brain ventricles that typically results from an infection. The infection can be caused by a number of different bacteria and viruses. Ventriculitis is most commonly seen in individuals who have had invasive brain surgery. Sources: Purves, Dale. â€Å"The Ventricular System.† Neuroscience. 2nd edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11083/.The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. â€Å"Cerebrospinal fluid.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, inc., 17 Nov. 2017, www.britannica.com/science/cerebrospinal-fluid.

Factors That Influence Risk Management - 1875 Words

In this contemporary world, there are many interesting happen all around the globe with the help of technology advanced. Hospitality, tourism and events are some of the largest industries due to the fact that there have been an increasing demand for these sectors in recent decades. That’s why the concern for risk management practices is also on the rise as there have been number of report on unfortunate incidents related to safety measures in the three sectors. The development of risks study and its implication have been adopted as people now aware of their own safety and others as well. Therefore, this essay want to address different factors that influence risk management decision and how to minimise the chance of that could†¦show more content†¦The level of risks is associated with different managing method, particularly in crisis and disaster management situation due to its size and impact on society. Natural disaster is unavoidable therefore there have been many a ttempts to reduce the impact while crisis indicates either man-made disaster or highly uncommon events that can be predicted (LRG 2012). According to NSW Government (n.d) risk management process is divided as the following steps †¢ Establish the context †¢ Identify the risk †¢ Analyse the risk †¢ Evaluate the risk †¢ Treat the risk The concern areas for risk assessment include administration, marketing, crowd management, health, safety, security, and transport (Bennett 2012). Nevertheless, its influences can arise from internal and external environment while the precise outcomes are hard to estimate and control, organisation then need to construct a strategic risk management plan for specific departments or projects to eliminate and minimise the possibility. It will reassure company’s stakeholders that the safety is the priority objective as well in case of law suit occurs, the organisation has already established appropriate legal responsibility measures and duty of care. Risk Management - Tourism First section of risk management that the essay will discuss is surrounding tourism industry. There are number of catastrophic disasters have occurred all around the world. The casualty and damages are immeasurable.Show MoreRelatedFactors That Influence Risk Levels On The Hospitality Industry1207 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyse factors that influence risk levels in the hospitality industry. Further to this, recommendations on risk handling will be put forward to lessen these risks. ISO30100 defines risk as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, ISO30100 goes further to say the risk can be positive, negative or a deviation from the expected. There are four key drivers of risk as outlined in the ISO30100 standard; these include financial, infrastructure, marketplace and reputational risks (Institute of Risk ManagementRead MorePsychology, Risk and Safety: Factors Influencing Risk Perception of Ironworkers1058 Words   |  5 PagesArticles Psychology, Risk Safety In his article, Mr. Dominic Cooper highlights four important factors that influence the perception of risk. Risk perceptions are determined by people’s personality, behavior, attitude, and situations (Cooper, 2003). However, a person’s personality and the situation encountered directly influence risk perceptions while the other factors have a contributing role. Personality, for instance, is considered by the author as one of the main factors influencing the wayRead MoreEvaluation Of Internal And External Factors On Project Management Process1728 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE: PROJ6001 Integrated Project Management Assignment 2B: Impact Analysis Report. Nathalia Vasques Mari – Student ID: 00159199T Contents Evaluation of Internal and External Factors and their impact on Project Management Process 3 Internal Risks 3 External Risks 3 Enterprise Environmental Factors 3 Organizational Process Assets 4 The Difference between Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors 5 Communication on project management process and outcomes to diverse stakeholdersRead MoreRisk and Quality Management Assessment Summary1698 Words   |  7 PagesRisk and Quality Management Assessment Summary Risk management is the practice of measuring risk and creating strategies to accomplish the risk. In ideal risk management, an arrangement process is shadowed whereby the risks with the maximum loss and extreme probability of happening are controlled first. However, the procedure can be hard, and maintaining between risks with high possibility of occurrence but lower loss and risks with high loss but lower possibility of occurrence can often be mismanagedRead MoreBusiness Strategy And Project Management1653 Words   |  7 Pages1. Srivannaboon.S, Milosevic.Z.D (2005). A two-way influence between business strategy and project management. According to the authors Srivannaboon.S, and Milosevic.Z.D (2005), the alignment of project management with the corporate strategy is critical to achieve the company’s short term and long term goals. The main objective of project management is to guide the company towards its goals within the set time frame and cost. In today’s globalization, business leaders are facing many challenges fromRead MoreSafety Management System ( Sms )1548 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Safety Management System (SMS) can be defined as â€Å"a systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures† (Safety Management Manual, 2013). It is designed to identify hazards, analysing and collecting data and manage safety risks encountered during the delivery of its services (Safety Management Manual, 2013). According to Safety Management Manual (2013), the fundamental Safety Management System (SMS) frameworkRead MoreInfluence of the Leadership and Governance of a Healthcare Organization710 Words   |  3 PagesHow does the leadership and governance of a health care organization influence the development and implementation of risk-management and quality-management policies? Risk Management A companys risk management strategy is largely governed by the degree to which company leadership emphasizes its importance. This denotes that organizational governance must prioritize risk-reduction as a leading operational imperative. Leadership should be directly involved in making difficult decisions that willRead MoreQuality Management1570 Words   |  6 PagesQuality Management Executive Summary In health care, the industry is facing tremendous challenges from rising costs and larger demand for a variety of services. To help address these issues requires establishing a strategy for organizational leadership. This will serve as foundation for developing a quality management program. To achieve these objectives there will be a focus on: understanding the purpose of quality management in health care, examining three key concepts, outlining three of theRead MoreIt205 - Hardware Replacement Project1370 Words   |  6 PagesHardware Replacement Project IT/205 - Management of Information systems June 24, 2012 Cristina Oliver Hardware Replacement Project The IT department is implementing a new CRM solution in its corporate offices. The hardware currently in use is out of date and will not support the CRM application. The hardware must be replaced prior to deployment. Resource: Ch. 11 of Essentials of Management Information Systems Write a 1,050- to 1,750-word paper that addresses the following: How doRead MoreQuality Management at Johns Hopkins Hospital1490 Words   |  6 PagesQuality Management at Johns Hopkins Hospital Quality Management Introduction Quality management is the process that builds upon conventional quality assurance methodologies by emphasizing organizational structures and their systems. Too much pressure has been inflicted to health care facilities to deliver quality assurance services to their customers. This is due to the complexity and intense competition from other health providers. For this reason, it is vital for an organization to implement

All Thing Fall Apart Essay Example For Students

All Thing Fall Apart Essay In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, women of the Ibo tribe are terribly mistreated, and viewed as weak and receive little or no respect outside of their role as a mother. Tradition dictates their role in life. These women are courageous and obedient. These women are nurturers above all and they are anything but weak. In the novel Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo has several wives. He orders them around like dogs. They are never to question what they are instructed to do; they are expected to be obedient. We clearly see this early in the story, when Okonkwo brings Ikemefuna into his home. Okonkwo tells his senior wife that Ikemefuna belongs to the tribe and that she is expected to look after him. She in turn asks him if he will be staying with them for a long period of time. This sends Okonkwo into a fury. He snaps at her in a very degrading manner, Do what you are told woman. When did you become one of the ndichie meaning elders of Umuofia? pg. 12 Clearly she receives no respect. Later in the story we see this woman try to comfort Ikemefuna. She mothers him as if he is one of her own children. She tries to put him at ease and can almost instinctively feel how much he misses his own mother. In keeping with the Ibo view of female nature, the tribe allows wife beating. Okonkwo beats his youngest wife one-day because she was visiting with a friend and did not get home in time to prepare a meal for him. Another one of his wives tries to cover for her when she is questioned as to whether or not the youngest wife has fed the children before she left. Certainly she does this in effort to protect the youngest wife, knowing full well what she faced. Okonkwo does not let them down, he beats his youngest wife severely until he is satisfied. Even in spite of pleas from his other wives reminding him that it is forbidden to beat your wife during the Week of Peace. Okonkwo will face consequences, not for beating another human being, but only because of his timing. He beats his second wife when she refers to him as one of those guns that never shot. When a severe case of wife beating comes before the egwugwu, he finds in favor of the wife, but at the end of the trial a man wonders why such a trifle should come before the egwugwupg. 83. The husband considers his wife as a property. He either wants his wife back or his bride price. The omniscient narrator acknowledges a near-invisibility of women in Things Fall Apart. Describing a communal ceremony, he confesses, It was clear from the way the crowd stood that the ceremony was for men. There were many women, but they looked on from the fringe like outsiderspg. 77. They are not invited to stay when men are engaged in any discussion; they are not included in council of war; they do not form part of the masquerades representing the judiciary and ancestral spirits. Okonkwo views women to be weak and foolish. He has a different expectation for men and women. This can be seen clearly by the way that he raises his children. He tries his best to train Nwoye to be strong and brave while he feels sorry that Ezinma is a girl. Okonkwo knows that Ezinma has the right spirit, but he does not try to make her to be brave or strong. He favors her the most out of all of his children, yet if Ezinma had been a boy would have been happierpg. 69. This kind of contradiction comes up in the novel repeatedly. Those practical, daily life examples of how Okonkwo views women play an important role in showing Okonkwos real drive for his behaviors. .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b , .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .postImageUrl , .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b , .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b:hover , .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b:visited , .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b:active { border:0!important; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b:active , .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae162d8639a8c8a1a16f37d9e55e1d5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poem Charlotte O'Neil's song EssayFrom those examples, we can see that Okonkwo hates any womens characteristics because they remind him of his father. He is afraid of becoming like his father. He hates the fact that his father is so unsuccessful; therefore, he does not want to be like his father. The underlying theme for those examples is not to show that Okonkwo does not respect women at all. In fact they are used to show that Okonkwo does respect women for their ability if he does not fear to become like his father. Unoka is considered agbala, an untitled man or a woman. Yam, of smaller size and lesser value than other yams, is regarded as female. Osugo has taken to title; and so, in a gathering of his peers, Okonkwo unkindly tells him, This meeting is for menpg. 22. Guilt-ridden after murdering Ikemefuna, his surrogate son, Okonkwo sternly reprimands himself not to become like a shivering old womanpg. 56 this he considers the worst insult. Such extreme accent on manliness, sex-role stereotyping, gender discriminations, and violence create an imbalance, resulting in denigration of the female principle. Achebe shows that the Ibo nonetheless assigns important roles to women. For instance, Chielo, the priestess of the Oracle of the Hills and Caves, who in the ordinary life is a widow with two kids and Ekwefis friend. Clothed in the mystic mantle of the divinity she serves, Chielo transforms from the ordinary; she can reprimand Okonkwo and even scream curses at him: Beware of exchanging words with Agbala. Does a man speak when a God speaks? Beware! pg. 89 Yet if Okonkwo is powerless before a goddesss priestess, he can, at least, control his own women. Women, also, painted the houses of the egwugwu. Furthermore, the first wife of a man in the Ibo society is paid some respect. This deference is illustrated by the palm wine ceremony at Nwakibies obi. Anasi, Nwakibies first wife, had not yet arrived and the others other wives could not drink before herpg. 16. The importance of womans role appears when Okonkwo is exiled to his motherland. His uncle, Uchendu, noticing Okonkwos distress, eloquently explains how Okonkwo should view his exile: A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. And that is why we say that Mother is Supremepg. 116. The only glory and satisfaction these women enjoyed was being a mother. They receive respect and love from their children. They are strong for their children. Women are viewed to be very gentle and caring. They are expected to take care of their children with the best of their ability. Women are trusted totally by their children. This honorable presentation of women is used by Achebe to identify womens role in the Ibo society. This presentation is necessary to show that women indeed play an important role in society.

Cars invention free essay sample

The invention of the automobile was a historical achievement that completely transformed human civilization. This is why cars have had a greater effect on society than airplanes have. Not only have cars enabled people to relocate with ease, but they are also used on a much more regular basis. First of all, cars have had a greater effect on society than airplanes because cars have allowed so many more people to relocate to other geographical regions. In other words, most people do not spend their entire lives in one place anymore because they have the ability to transport their belongings with ease. For example, before the advent of cars in the US, people found it incredibly burdensome to move from their hometown because they had to carry their belongings or load them up on wagons. In contrast, most people these days move several times during their lifetimes and often end up in a completely different city than where they were born. We will write a custom essay sample on Cars invention or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of these people relocated with automobiles, not with airplanes. Therefore, cars have had a greater effect on society because they have facilitated the relocation of so many members of society. In addition, another reason why cars have had a greater effect is because they are used much more regularly than airplanes. To be specific, in most developed parts of the world, automobiles are used virtually every day not only to transport people, but also to transport goods from place to place. For instance, most people in America drive a car or ride the bus every day to get to where they need to go. Cars and trucks are also used to haul cargo from city to city. Conversely, the vast majority of people probably get on a flight only during special occasions like vacations or holidays. In addition, besides mail and packages, few goods are transported by airplane. Thus, cars have had a greater impact on society simply because they are used so much more frequently.